THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION

What is a theory?
The word theory has been defined by different people. Ker linger (1973), defined theory as “a set of inter-related constructs, definitions and propositions that gives a systematic view about a phenomena. Severin and Tankard (1982), defined it as “a set of ideas of systematic generalizations based on scientific observation (and) leading to further empirical observation”. Daramola (2003) said a theory is a “set of ideas, which provides an explanation for communication phenomena”.

Mutuality of Research and Theory
Research and Theory are mutual because they both use the systematic and scientific methods and they exist in the origin of each other.
A well-researched object forms a theory; and a theory can spring from a hypothesis that begins a research. Observations require both logical (theory) and empirical (research) support to make a complete sense.

Functions of Theories
*Theories help in describing, predicting and explaining a phenomenon.
*Theories help to link facts together
*Without theories, facts will stand isolated and fragmented.

Why We Study Theories
*We study theories to help us manage reality.
*We study theories to help us predict what will happen.
*We study theories to help us put facts in perspective.
*We study theories to help us measure any scientific endeavour: research report, an experiment.
*We study theories to help us separate scientific statements from unscientific ones.
*We study theories to gain intellectual satisfaction.

Origin of Mass Communication Theories
Mass Communication theories sprang up as solutions to the problems of communication. A fundamental problem then was that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Claude Shannon (1916-2001). Origin of communication theory can be linked to the information theories which were developed at Bells Lab in the early 1920’s.
Harry Nyquist’s 1924 paper, Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed contains a theoretical section quantifying intelligence and the line of speed at which it can be transmitted by a communication system.
Ralph Hartley’s paper of 1928, Transmission of Information uses the word Information as a measurable quantity to reflect receiver’s ability.
Alan Turing in 1940 used similar ideas as part of the statistical analysis of the breaking of the German Second World War Enigma ciphers.

Paradigm Shifts in Mass Communication Theories.
The term paradigm shift refers to a shift or transformation from a previously dominant theoretical perspective to a new one as a result of inconsistencies uncovered about the previous theory.
The paradigm shifts in mass communication theory in 1940s and 1950s were led by mostly methodologists who were convinced that the influence of media could be assessed by employing objective, empirical methods to measure it.
Two-step flow of Information and Influence was developed by Paul Lazarsfeld who faulted the mass society theory. His findings in his study of the election campaign of 1940 between Roosevelt against Republican Wendell Willkie, contradicted the mass society theory. He discovered that the media hardly converted people rather people were influenced through inter-personal contacts.
Limited Effects Theory emerged from limited effects research work conducted between 1945 and 1960. The theory suggests that the media rarely directly influenced people.
Individual Difference theory argues that because people are different in their psychological make-up, and have their different perceptions; media influence differs from person to person.
Social Categories theory assumes that people with the same background and exposure, behave in similar manner even in their reception of media message.
Selective process, this suggests that individual select to listen to information that consistent with their initial knowledge and perceptions

References
Anaeto, S. G., Onabanjo, O. & Osifeso, J. B. (2008). Models and Theories of Communication
Bowie, MD: African Renaissance Inc.
Folarin, B. (2003) Theories of Mass Communication: An introductory text.
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication_theory (2012)
http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?paradigm_shift (2012)

CNN,BBC,AL JAZEERA,AIT,TVC,NTA,CHANNELS AND SILVERBIRD ANCHORS

Brooke Baldwin @BrookeBCNN

Anchor of the 2 – 4 p.m. edition of CNN Newsroom.

Baldwin earned a double bachelor’s degree in journalism and Spanish from the University of North Carolina. She joined CNN after serving as a lead reporter for the 10 p.m. newscast for WTTG in Washington, D.C. She has anchored breaking news a number of times. Baldwin has reported new discoveries and covered the shooting massacres at both Virginia Tech and the West Nickel Mines School.

 

Ashleigh Banfield @CNNAshleigh

Co-host of Early Start Weekend

Banfield has a bachelor’s degree in political studies and French from Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada. Before she joined CNN, she worked as the evening news anchor for KDFW-TV. Banfield also worked at Canada’s CICT-TV, as a producer from 1992-93 and from 1993-95 as their evening news anchor and business correspondent. Over the course of her career, she has covered breaking news across the globe.

 

Wolf Blitzer @WolfBlitzer

Anchor of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer

He  is CNN’s lead political anchor. Blitzer has been with the network for more than 20 years. Blitzer also served as the anchor of Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer for more than a decade. Blitzer began his career in 1972 with the Reuters News Agency in Tel Aviv. Shortly thereafter, he became a Washington, D.C., correspondent for The Jerusalem Post. Blitzer joined CNN in 1990 as the network’s military-affairs correspondent at the Pentagon. He served as CNN’s senior White House correspondent covering President Bill Clinton from his election in November 1992 until 1999. Over the decades, he has also reported on a wide range of breaking news.

 

Carol Costello @CarolCNN

Anchor of the 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. (ET) edition of CNN Newsroom each weekday.

Costello has interviewed four former U.S. presidents, President Jimmy Carter, President Ronald Reagan, President George H.W. Bush and President Bill Clinton and has covered four presidential inaugurations. Her work has been honored numerous times, including a 1991 Emmy Award for a special on crack and cocaine, a UPI award, several Associated Press awards and an Emmy nomination in 1993. Costello joined CNN in October 2001.

 

Candy Crowley @CrowleyCNN

Anchor of State of the Union with Candy Crowley.

Candy Crowley is CNN’s award-winning chief political correspondent. She covers a broad range of stories, including presidential, congressional and gubernatorial races and major legislative developments on Capitol Hill. Crowley began her broadcast journalism career in Washington, D.C., as a newsroom assistant for Metromedia radio station WASH. She has served as an anchor for Mutual Broadcasting and as a general assignment and White House correspondent for the Associated Press, where she covered most of the Reagan era before moving on to NBC-TV to become a general assignment correspondent in NBC’s Washington bureau. She came to CNN from NBC News in 1987. Prior to her current role, Crowley served as a congressional correspondent for the network.

 

Randi Kaye @randikayeCNN

Anchor of “Weekend Early Start with Randi Kaye” and weekend mornings for CNN Newsroom.

Kaye anchored the network’s live coverage of the violence erupting in Egypt’s Tahrir Square and the rebellion in Libya. She also anchored from Ground Zero in New York City the day Osama bin Laden was killed. In 2009, Kaye reported on the attempted Christmas Day bombing of a Northwest Airlines flight and Michael Jackson’s death, providing viewers with breaking news and exclusive information. In 2008 Kaye traveled to Alaska to report on Republican Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin. Also in 2008, Kaye covered Barack Obama’s campaign and continues to cover politics for Anderson Cooper 360. She joined the network in December 2004.

 

John King @JohnKingCNN

Host of John King, USA.

King began as a writer with associated press in 1985. He won the top reporting prize from the Associated Press Managing Editors’ Association for his coverage of theGulf War in Kuwait. He joined CNN in 1997. In 2005, King was named CNN’s chief national correspondent, a position he still holds. He frequently appears on the nightly news programs The Situation Room and Anderson Cooper 360 and sometimes fills in as anchor. He has made great feats in his career.

 

Don Lemon @DonLemonCNN

Lemon joined CNN in September 2006. Prior to that time. He worked as a news assistant at WNYW (TV 5 in New York City). He has also reported as a weekend anchor for WCAU (TV 10 in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania); anchor and investigative reporter for KTVI (TV 2 in St. Louis); and anchor for WBRC (TV 6 in Birmingham, Alabama).^[1]

He reported for NBC News‘ New York City operations, including working as a correspondent for Today and NBC Nightly News and an anchor on Weekend Today andMSNBC. In August 2003 he began at NBC O&O station WMAQ-TV (5 in Chicago), and was a reporter and the 5 p.m. local news co-anchor. Lemon won an Emmy Award for a special report on the real estate market in Chicago.^[7] He received an Edward R. Murrow Award for his coverage of the capture of the D.C. area sniper,^[8] and a number of other awards for reports on Hurricane Katrina, and theAIDS epidemic in Africa.Lemon was voted as one of the 150 most influential African Americans by Ebony magazine in 2009.

 

Piers Morgan @Piersmorgan

The host of the popular television interview program Piers Morgan’s Life Stories.

Morgan began his career as a reporter for The Wimbledon News and then as a columnist at The Sun. In 1994, he was appointed the youngest ever editor of the News of the World, and the youngest national newspaper editor in Britain for 50 years. Two years later he moved to the Daily Mirror, where he served as editor-in-chief from 1995 until 2004. In September 2010, CNN announced that Morgan will host a candid, in-depth newsmaker interview program on the network scheduled to premiere on January 17th 2011. “Piers Morgan Tonight,” airs weeknights on CNN/U.S. at 9 pm ET/PT and airs worldwide on CNN International in more than 200 countries

 

Ali Velshi @AliVelshi

Anchor of ‘Your Money’.

CNN’s Ali Velshi executes several roles across CNN as the network’s chief business correspondent and World Business Today on CNN International.  Velshi frequently reports from the field on breaking news events, politics, and in-depth personal profiles that offer insights into global issues. He covered the impact of the oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, including exclusive access with the U.S. Coast Guard on a controlled oil burn

He has extensively reported on the global financial meltdown since 2008; the financial collapses of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, AIG and Lehman Brothers; the U.S. government’s bailout plan; the battle over the fate of the American big three automakers; and the U.S. debt ceiling and budget debate

 

 

BILL TURNBULL @billtu

BBC Breakfast TV Presenter

He’s been a presenter on the programme since 2001. As a News Correspondent, Bill covered everything from presidential elections to street riots in more than 30 countries. He’s also been a regular presenter of BBC News 24 and Radio Five Live, before joining the Breakfast presenting team full time.

 

Susanna Reid @Susannareid100

BBC Breakfast TV Presenter

Susanna Reid has been a journalist at the BBC for almost 20 years and has been a regular presenter on Breakfast since 2003. She has interviewed the Prime Minister and many political leaders for Breakfast and she has presented the BBC’s coverage of the Oscars from Hollywood live on Breakfast three times. She has reported for the BBC from around Europe and America. She has a degree in Politics and Philosophy from Bristol University, where she was the first female editor of the student newspaper, and holds a post-graduate diploma in Journalism from Cardiff School of Journalism.

 

Louise Minchin @louiseminchin

BBC Breakfast TV Presenter

Louise Minchin became one of the main anchors of the BBC News Channel in 2003, also presenting BBC Breakfast, the BBC One O’clock News and the BBC Weekend Ten O’Clock News. She is a guest presenter on the BBC’s prime-time entertainment programme The One Show, Real Rescues and Crime and Punishment on BBC One. Her own day-time series Missing Live has been commended in Parliament for its work re-uniting families. As an eloquent, engaging and committed presenter Louise hosts major award ceremonies, conferences and charity events.

 

Sophie Raworth

BBC’s One O’Clock News presenter

Sophie Raworth has presented the BBC’s One O’Clock News since June 2006. Sophie joined BBC Breakfast News in 1997, co-presenting the programme four days a week. She anchored the programme from Los Angeles on Oscars night, from Israel and from Washington during Clinton’s impeachment trial. Sophie has presented a number of BBC specials, including playing a major role in the Queen’s Golden Jubilee celebrations presenting alongside David Dimbleby. Sophie studied French and German at Manchester University.

 

Huw Edwards @huwbbc

Presenter, BBC Ten O’Clock News

He joined the BBC over twenty years ago, and has presented a wide range of programmes, including Newsnight, Panorama, and the 6 O’Clock News – and has co-hosted two General Election programmes on Radio 4. Huw is the BBC’s voice at Trooping the Colour, the Festival of Remembrance, and the State Opening of Parliament. He hosted the BBC’s major coverage of death of Pope John Paul, and the election of Pope Benedict. In 2004, he anchored the coverage of the 60th Anniversary of D-Day. Huw spent over a decade reporting politics at Westminster, including a period as Chief Political Correspondent. He has also presented a range of programmes on history and classical music on BBC Four, BBC Two, Radio 3, Radio 4 and S4C. His recent projects have included a major documentary on David Lloyd George for BBC Four. He’s now working on a television series on Gladstone and Disraeli.

Ini Thompson @inivictoria

Presenter/Host on “Travel Guide

She has a bachelor’s degree in Economics from Enugu State University of Science and Technology and a Post Graduate Diploma in Broadcast Journalism from Nigerian Institute of Journalism (NIJ). Although presently producing and presenting “Travel Guide”, Channels Television’s travel and tourism programme, with years of experience that date as far back as 2003 and includes reportorial duties. Ini’s dream is to become a well-rounded broadcaster of class and a brand of reference in the industry.

 

Nneotaobase Egbe @nneotaegbe

News Presenter, Co-Host for Sunrise and Host for Faceoff

Nneota Egbe (Nneotaobase) is a Presenter, Reporter and Producer for Channels TV. He is a graduate of Geography who has spent the last seven years in Channels Television as a newscaster, reporter and producer. He has anchored programs like Dateline Abuja, Sunrise, Arthouse, Sunrise Daily, Question Time and Faceoff. He is a presentable, intelligent, well-spoken and responsible professional with years of experience, before joining Channels Television, Nneota worked with various organizations were he developed the ability to communicate on a variety of platforms in a world where the power of the media cannot be ignored. He currently co-hosts Sunrise Daily and hosts Faceoff for Channels Television.

 

Vivian Akinyosoye @viviankinyosoy

Anchor of 101 Business on Silverbird Television

Vivian Akinyosoye started out her Career in Broadcast Journalism in 1999 in Ekiti State Nigeria, working as a Radio Newscaster at the Voice of Ekiti Broadcasting Service. In 2000 she joined Channels Television, Lagos Nigeria as a Youth Corp Member, marking the beginning of a ten years working experience in Television Broadcasting. She also worked as a Senior Business Correspondent and News Anchor with Silverbird Television Lagos Nigeria. Today she manages her own Public Relations Outfit as a Media Consultant, having produced several Television programs of her own including ‘Aviation This Week’, NTA Channel 5 Lagos, Designs & Living, The Gensis Show, and currently 101business showing on Silverbird Television.

 

Ayotunde Balogun @AyBalogun13

News Presenter and Host on Question Time

Ayotunde Balogun is a newscaster, presenter and reporter for Channels Television. Ayo is an anchor on Newstrack and the flagship News at Ten; he also presents the interview programme Question Time. On Saturday nights, Ayo also presents Newsround, bringing you a recap of stories that made weekday headlines. He joined Channels Television in March 2010.

 

Layole oyatogun @layoleOyatogun

Silverbird Page 3 TV presenter

She is the stylish Silverbird Page 3 TV presenter that keeps us updated with all the info on the latest fashion trends taking place around the world, especially in Nigeria and when she steps on the red carpet,Layole Oyatogun makes it a field day for style watchers.

 

VICTORIA IBITORU PEPPLE @vickipepple

VICTORIA IBITORU PEPPLE studied literature in English at the Lagos State University (LASU)
Her first working experience was in banking, with the opportunity to join Silverbird television in 2008, she knew she didn’t belong to the banking industry but the media industry.
At Silverbird, her flair for entertainment and showbiz saw her becoming actively involved in the presentation of two programmes: TOP TEN & the daily breakfast show, TODAY ON STV.
Victoria Pepple has been nominated for several awards and has won quite a few. She picked up the ELOY FEMALE PRESENTER OF THE YEAR AWARD 2010.
In 2011, she clinched FEMALE TV PERSONALITY OF THE YEAR 2011 AT THE SOCIETY, ENTERTAINMENT AND STYLE AWARD CEREMONY and TV PERSONALITY OF THE YEAR AT the just concluded CITY PEOPLE AWARDS.

                 

Labi Olayori @labilayori

Labi Olayori is one of the television sweethearts who graced TV screens in the last 5 years. She was a part of the metamorphosis of the defunct Link65 and G65 which later became Television continental (TVC). Every week she brings life to screens with breaking music, interviews with top Nigerian celebrities and more!
The Lunch splash brand which has become a household name is re-branding 5years after debuting, with an all new structure and also adopting a new name. Every Monday through Friday for the past four years, the face of Labi of Lunch-Splash on TVC has filled every screen that tunes in to Television Continental (TVC) during the lunch break. Results of a special poll taken about this tube idol indicated her to be funny, simple and down-to-earth.Known for her infectious gap-toothed smile, this former runway model itches to retire to create a beautiful world for the proper development of children.

 

 

YORI FOLARIN @LagosBlues

Coordinator at Television Continental

Yori Folarin is Ex NTA newscaster, Creative Head at Lintas, MC&A and Centrespread Advertiser. Later went back to broadcasting as a newscaster/presenter at Channels Television. He is presently Coordinator at Television Continental a Lagos based television station. Anchored by veteran journalist Yori Folarin, ‘Nigeria Decides’

 

 

Aniwura Omolayo @thisvoiceiswura

Always one toe out of the circle; with unique creative thinking!
Experienced, skilled and resourceful. Developer of two newsrooms from scratch. Two-time pioneer Editor, Producer and Newscaster.
First-rate and swift research plus social media skills, with strong attention to details. Resourceful and independent planner, but flexible and enthusiastic team mate. 
Ability to juggle several tasks, alongside main duty. Strong writing and editing skills. Head-turning natural broadcast voice.

 

 

Cyril Stober @ntanwes

Best newscaster of the year 2011 under NTA

He has often been described as a wonderful voice at the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) where he has held sway over the years as an eloquent newscaster. Though he talks to millions of viewers everyday, Cyril Stober, the anchor of “Weekend File” would never talk about himself. He talks news, breath news and sleeps with news. Everything about him revolves around the news. Cyril Stober, an ace newscaster on the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) has been around for decades, pursuing his passion in his chosen career, broadcasting.

 

JUMOKE ALAO @jummyk812

Jumoke is the presenter of the popular entertainment programme- Gbedu on Africa Independent Television (AIT). Due to the dint of hard work, Jumoke Alao Ogunsola has become one of the most celebrated presenters on TV with international recognition. Her name will go down in history of musical programmes as one those that fanned the embers of quiet revolution.

Jummy’s newest baby is her independent entertainment programme known as DJ on Rampage powered by Sprite. The program is an expose on disk Jockey’s life style and their musical interest as revealed by them. DJ on Rampage is a recorded programme currently showing on 9pm Saturdays on AIT network. Already DJ humility, bombastic, among others has featured on the programme.

 

Adaure Achumba @adaure

E-News Africa TV Presenter

 

Ex STV presenter,Adaure Achumba has stepped up her game big time by becoming one of the beautiful presenters of E-News Africa TV in Johannesburg,South Africa.

She is the official correspondent in Nigeria who relates the day to day happenings in the entire country especially Lagos and Abuja to the channel.

E.TV is the South Africa’s first 24 hours news channel which airs on DSTV Channel 403.It is also the 5 TV channel in South Africa and first privately owned but free to air TV station in the country.

 

Tony Harris @TweetTonyHaris

An anchor on Al Jazeera English

Harris joins Al Jazeera from CNN where he was based at their Atlanta HQ for six years. He presented CNN Newsroom each weekday as well as reporting extensively on domestic and international news.

Harris is an Emmy award winning journalist who was also previously at HBO and a correspondent for Entertainment Tonight. He entered broadcasting as a nineteen-year-old radio disc jockey in his Baltimore, Maryland. Two years later, he moved to television as a features reporter for an afternoon newsmagazine in Cleveland, Ohio. He rose to co-host. Moving to New York City, he worked as an entertainment reporter for Entertainment Tonight and the Home Box Office. He returned to Cleveland in the early 1990s as a weekend news anchor, then again to New York, and Los Angeles, as a reporter for the Fox Network prime time newsmagazine Front Page.

He returned to local news as lead anchor for WBFF and WNUV in Baltimore, and then for WGCL-TV in Atlanta, Georgia. Based at CNN Center in Atlanta, Harris co-anchored CNN Saturday Morning and CNN Sunday Morning with Betty Nguyen until he made the move to anchor CNN Newsroom. He was also a frequent substitute anchor on weekday news programs including American Morning. Harris has won anEmmy Award.

He left CNN at the end of December 31, 2010

 

Stephen Cole @cole_stephen

An anchor on Al Jazeera English

SENIOR ANCHOR for Al Jazeera English, Stephen Cole spoke critically of the 24 hour news format and attempted to challenge any preconceived notions about Al Jazeera English at  a Coventry Conversation entitled “A different view of news”  on Thursday.

Stephen Cole fronted Sky News, BBC World and CNN International before leaving to join Al Jazeera English in 2006. As an experienced 24 hour news anchor, Stephen spoke critically of the format saying: “The sad thing about 24 hour news is that it fills a hole, there’s very little sitting back in 24 hour news.” Going on to identify the lack of well thought out considered journalism because of the pressures of rolling news

 

 

Shiulie Ghosh @hackhound

News Anchor at Al Jazeera English

His job entails displaying grace under pressure, live broadcasts, live interviews, and breaking news from around the world. For 2 years he was the Home Affairs Editor, reporting security, crime and intelligence stories for all ITN bulletins including News At Ten. He also anchored news shows including ITN’s Lunchtime News and weekend bulletins.

 

 

THERE IS HOPE FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN!

THERE IS HOPE FOR THE AUTISTIC CHILDREN!

The pain that mantled the heart of some parents is finally lightened as centers offer therapy to help the children with seemingly hopeless neuron-biological disorder–Autism, live a fulfilled life.

The smile the students of ‘Patrick’s Speech and Language Center’ wore on their faces yesterday, Monday, 2nd July 2012, as they were guided about their different activities one by one ,could cause tears of joy and relief from the eyes of any observer. Oh! These children can have a life. They can even become world legends if guided properly irrespective of their disorder. Autism is not their death sentence, it is only a mirage attached to the story of who they are.

Ignorance of the term ‘Autism’ has kept many children traumatized and subjected to inhuman treatments by parents, guardian and the society that ought to show them love. Many have termed them psychotic or mad, while others believe that these autistic children are influenced or possessed by demons. Their families are stigmatized and their parents are ashamed of them. Sometimes, they are left to languish until death locates them. Generally, our society has no place for them. Yet, over one million people in Nigeria have autism. The term ‘Autism’ is still almost unknown by most Nigerians.

Autism is a neural development disorder that affects information processing in the brain and delays cognitive development and language. The exact cause is yet unclear, but it has strong genetic basics — rare mutations or by rare combinations of common genetic variants. There are also proposed controversial environmental causes such as heavy metals, pesticides or childhood vaccines, but these lack scientific evidence. Autism is also believed to be a result biological imbalance that affects the adequate development of the brain.

Meanwhile, Autism is characterized by difficulty in social interactions, impaired communication, restricted and repetitive behaviour. Symptoms usually begin after the age of six months. Then progressively become pronounced and established by age two to three years and could continue throughout Adulthood. The child may exhibit symptoms by tapping, spinning or holding unto an object in a particular manner or waving it. Sometimes, shutting of eyes to light or ears to sounds to show sensitivity to the stimulus could be observed. Also, facial expressions, hyperactivity, aggression, destruction of properties and tantrums are common. Other aspects include typical eating and resistance to change. No single symptom shows the disorder, but a combination of a triad (i.e. impaired social interaction, communication and restricted interests) or more is a criterion for diagnosis.

Imagine a thirteen year old boy who hardly feeds himself without messing up the floor. Imagine a seven year old child who has monosyllabic or bi-syllabic expressions initially, then regressively goes mute and can hardly say a word, plays alone, or remains always withdrawn. Imagine a teenager who laughs, cries for no reason and urinates on his body when he is fully awake and flaps his fingers in a consistent manner. Imagine a toddler who uses less contact, takes turn and could not as much a point at an object to declare interest or a child who routinely arranges his toys in a particular manner daily and gets aggressive or agitated when his routine is interrupted. All these speak volumes about the disorder.

Nevertheless, autism symptoms help to categorize individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASD is a subset of the broader autism phenotype which describes individuals with autism-like traits. A comprehensive test of individuals by a multi-disciplinary team is required before a diagnosis is given and treatments commenced. The team is usually made up of family program coordinator; clinical psychologists; speech and communication specialist; occupational therapist; pediatrician; behaviour modification therapist; child psychiatrist and a neurologist. A proper diagnosis is necessary for therapy.

However, there is hope of a normal living for autistic people! Centers like Patrick’s Speech and Language Center in Ikeja GRA Lagos, Nigeria, has established working therapy for children, hope and relief for the parents and indeed is giving their students, lives meaning. They use speech therapy, occupational therapy, behavioural therapy, music therapy as well as dietary intervention to maximize the potentials of their students. According to the proprietress of the Patrick Center, Mrs. Adedokun Akande, “diet goes a long way…they (autistic children) have leaky guts (holes in the intestines).” According to her, “…the right diet can heal the holes.” This helps the biological aspect to heal.

Above all, the great news is that research has shown that almost half of the children that get early intervention make dramatic change and some even recover! With therapy, autistic individual’s potentials are maximized and they can get jobs as pianists or artists. Some can be employed to stack things in supermarkets or arrange things on shelves or in boxes. Some teenage students of Patrick’s Center in an interview, declared that they can cut wood and nail it, ‘do thread”(sewing) and play piano very well respectively. They are making their lives beautiful and their future hopeful!

Finally, spread the news, Autism is not a death sentence or a sorrow zone, there is hope! There is a future! All it requires is love and patience. Autism affects a person but does not define them! “There is a miracle in every child,” Mrs. Akande says,” including a child with Autism.”

IMPACTS OF ICT

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ICT

With the intervention of ICT, it can be seen that ICT has brought a lot of impacts on people both people positively and negatively.

One positive impact of ICT is that it quickens communication speed. In the past, it took a long time for a message to be disseminated, but ICT has been able to make messages less stressful to disseminate.

ICT, through the use of computer has made it easier to store information and retrieve them at anytime hereby making it a reliable mode of communication.

ICT has brought about the effective sharing of information whereby information can be shared and received quickly. This brings about the opinions of people on how they feel about an issue and people get to know more about things.

ICT has also brought about online marketing where goods could be purchased and brought to you physically. ICT reduces the insecurity of money through the use of ATM and POS.

ICT has brought about holograms whereby a person can be at three different places and communicating at the same time.

The paperless environment brings about safety of important documents. With the intervention of ICT, valuable documents can be stored and retrieved through digital medium. Online communication via emails, online chats and instant messaging also helps in creating paperless environment.

Although ICT has been of great help, but it has also cause some mishaps in the society. It has brought about some social problems especially among the young ones of today.

With the intervention of ICT, fraud has been made easy whereby people claim to have businesses that do not exist in order to extort money.

ICT causes a lot of health problems like eye defect, physical and mental stress and also a bad sitting posture habit especially for the young ones who are addicted to these social media.

GROUP A ICT ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS      

NAMES   OLUWAYIOPESE FUNMILAYO J                                      118059

                ODEME AGATHA ONYINYE                                              105424

                OKPALAUGO JULIET OGONNA                                       117954

               ODERINDE GBOTEMI A                                                     104307

               OTORO IDONGESIT COMFORT                                        100857                                                        

               OSHIBOTE TEMITOPE RAMOTALIA 117259                                                                                

               OLUBODE OLUWAFUNMILOLA SABRINA                      117206

               SORINOLU AISHAT FEHINTOLA                                      104677

               OGBOLU JOHN OLUWATOBI                                           117997

               OWONIFARI ADESHINA                                                    117824

              OBI RUTH NNEKA                                                             117773

 

 

 

1: INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT):

Is the communication of data by electronic means and it’s achieved through networks by transmitting, storing and receiving information technologically. Information and Communication Technology is the integration of telecommunication which enables users to process and manipulate information.

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a general term that stresses the role of unified communications and integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless), computers, middleware as well as necessary software, storage and audio-visual systems which enables users to create, access, store, transmit and manipulate information. It consist IT (Information Technology) as well as telecommunication, broadcast media, all types of audio and video processing and transmission and network based control and monitoring functions.

2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is an electronic device for manipulating data or information in the form of calculation, searching, sorting, classifying and storage, whereby it’s done by a user logically, that is, a computer accepts processes and stores data with the use of logic by a user.

A computer is a programmable machine that responds to specific set of instructions in a well defined manner and can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (Program) as well as carryout a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations.

3: TYPES OF COMPUTER

* Hybrid Computers

* Analogue Computers

* Digital Computers which includes:

   – Mainframe Computers

– Mini-Computers

– Microcomputers

– Desktop Computers

– Notebook

4: USES OF COMPUTER

*A computer can be used for word processing.

*It can be used for all financial transactions

*It can be used to control robots

*it is used to send and process information

*it is used to surf internet

*It is used for arithmetic purposes.

*It has a memory that can keeps information for a long time, that is, RAM (Read Access Memory).

*It could be useful in the hospital, that is, analog computers for reading the                        temperature of a patient.

*It can be used to diagnose diseases, learn cures, resonance imaging and for the examination of the internal organs of the human body.

*It can be used for digital video and audio composition and editing.

*It can be used to book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel reservations.

*It can be the used for E-learning (Electronic learning).

*Examinations can be giving online and get instant results.

*It can be used to gather and transmit news.

*It can be used for internet purposes which enhances communication like E-mail.

*They can be used for telecommunications

INPUT DEVICES

An input device is one of the peripheral units of the computer which data can be collected for processing by the computer system. They are:

* Joystick

* Keyboard

* Microphones

* Mouse

* Scanner

* Webcam

* Touchpad

* Electronic Whiteboard

OUTPUT DEVICES:

Output device is another peripheral unit of the computer which helps to bring out processed information from the input. It includes:

* Monitor

* Printers

* Plotters

* Projectors

* Speakers

*Computer Output on Microfilm (COM is capable of storing large quantities of data in a small space).

*Visual Display Unit (VDU is a dual purpose device in the processing unit that control the computer whereby executing instruction, manipulating operations and performing arithmetic and logical problems).

PROCESSING DEVICES:

*Intel

* AMD Athol

* Intel Celeron

* Intel Pentium

* Intel Core

*Central Processing Unit (CPU)

*Control Unit

*Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)